Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 50

Marketing - Essay Example The business policy adopted by the Zip Car is a unique one and the key thing is that they are constantly updating it with the time. Offering low rental, better availability, using high technology to attract people specially the young generation is one the key behind their success over the last 8 years. The company is now the leader of the car rental market in the USA and focusing more to boost their profitability by adopting more advanced business strategies according to the culture and structure and requirement of the society. Zip car is one of the well-known car services in the western world. The process was initiated way back taking into mind the need of the customers in and around the urban areas. In every country people who belong to higher class can afford a number of cars but the number of people in that group is very little. Majority of the people cannot afford a car but in most cases they would love to avail the service. Zip car cash onto this option and started providing car to the customer with nominal price, greater and easy availability, taking environmental pollution under control but provide easy and affordable solution to the people belonging to middle class. The company is now the leading car share company in the world providing rental car to the people and having a customer base of over 700,000 passionate customers. The bottom-line of their offering is Wheels when you want the’. A simple registration process, a comparatively lower rental, variety of choice for different occasion an d different purpose –all these making them the leading player in the car rental service. The business was started 8 years back and profit was increasing every time. The business was started focusing urban life as the need is highest over there. Soon they widen their operation and now they started to focus on environmental policy, tracking more corporate client as well to get more strong hold

Herbal Medicine Essay Example for Free

Herbal Medicine Essay Anything that exists on the earth has a need for survival. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), herbal medicines refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or to maintain well-being. Different types of herbal medicines are widely applied in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to meet primary health-care needs. Herbal medicines have maintained its popularity in most regions of the developing world. The application is also rapidly spreading in industrialized countries. Worldwide, among all the different traditional medicine systems, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is currently the most popular, followed by Indian medicine. Herbal medicine refers to using a plants seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of use outside of conventional medicine. It is also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine. It is becoming more main stream as improvements in analysis and quality control along with advances in clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in the treating and preventing disease. Herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions, such as asthma, eczema, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, and cancer, among others. Herbal supplements are best taken under the guidance of a trained health care provider. Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some part of their primary health care. In Germany, about 600 700 plant based medicines are available and are prescribed by some 70% of German physicians. In the past 20 years in the United States, public dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest in returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal medicine use. Whenever a culture attempts to assimilate alien ideas, social stresses are bound to occur, especially when such ideas threaten the dominion of major economic and political interests. Mistakes are likely to arise while attempting to implement these ideas. In the case of Chinese herbal knowledge, its use by people unfamiliar with its rules and protocols invariably leads to mishaps; either the herbs or formulas fail to work as expected, or worse, side effects may result whenever herbs are used in contraindicated conditions. In the political and economic realms, government regulators unfamiliar with the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine may impose restrictions upon Chinese herbal practice that inhibit its effective application and suffocate its future development within our culture. The effectiveness of modern herbal practice suggests that we begin our search by understanding the complete meaning of herbalism. Herbs are grown and collected from all over the world. There is nothing magical about an herb; effective medicinal herbs can be found everywhere that plants grow. There is indeed a necessity in making life better by introducing natural herbal dietary supplements in the country. Within the past decade, herbal medicine has gained increasing importance, with both medical and economic implications. In developing countries particularly, as much as 80percent of the indigenous population still depends on traditional systems of medicine and medicinal plants for healthcare. Some common herbs and their uses are discussed below. * Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) has been used in traditional medicine to treat circulatory disorders and enhance memory. Although not all studies agree, ginkgo may be especially effective in treating dementia (including Alzheimers disease) and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs). * Kava kava (Piper methysticum) is said to elevate mood, enhance well-being and contentment, and produce a feeling of relaxation. Several studies have found that kava may be useful in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and related nervous disorders. * Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) is used by more than 2 million men in the United States for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. A number of studies suggest that the herb is effective for treating symptoms, including frequent urination, having trouble starting or maintaining urination, and needing to urinate during the night. * Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a popular alternative to commonly prescribed medications for sleep problems because it is considered to be both safe and gentle. * Echinacea preparations (from Echinacea purpurea and other Echinacea species) may improve the bodys natural immunity. Echinacea is one of the most commonly used herbal products, but studies are mixed as to whether it can help prevent or treat colds. We chose to have a research study on this topic because I think this can be a way of spreading awareness among people that there can be cheaper way of treating from upset stomachs to headaches. They are also considered natural and therefore healthier and gentler than conventional drugs. So, why is there need to spend so much on expensive drugs uselessly when there is a better option.

The emergence of the internet marketing

The emergence of the internet marketing A new field of marketing called Internet marketing has emerged with the increasing number of people online. Companies are finding it increasingly difficult to maintain pace with the demands of numerous visitors of their web sites. With the growing traffic on the internet, now almost every company is involved in internet marketing. Internet marketing is much more than just having a nice web site. It encompasses each and everything that a business does to promote itself. The ways of conducting business have now changed due to access to information from any corner of the world in an affordable and easy manner. Today internet has replaced television, phone systems and newspapers bringing about an improvement in the lifestyle of the people across the globe. Offering 50,000 different products in a virtual store is very simple and easy; however this cannot exist in any physical departmental store. Internet has brought along with it real-time access, full connectivity and a simple unique int erface given by web browsers. This entire evolution has created a new environment for conducting business processes, establishing and maintaining business relations. This new wave in marketing has created an entire set of trends which companies need to look at and incorporate if they want to sustain their business. New value needs to be added at each and every stage of the business cycle. Ideas ripe for organizations to pluck and make their own, thus demonstrating that We are still here and better than ever! There is a vast pool of opportunities out there which needs to be exploited. MARKETING TRENDS TO WATCH! Value.Value.Value. The most apt word today is value. Actions that generate an enhanced customer relationship are created by the conversion of key information and knowledge. Organizations need to figure out their value. They need to fit themselves in each of the circles shown aside. The intersection of these is its value proposition. This needs to be placed in front of people over and over again. For e.g., the humanitarian organization CARE, for many years positioned itself as working to eliminate poverty. However many organizations were competing for this. It is a marketplace since the competition is for getting donors. CARE then changed its focus to plight of girls and women with the understanding that this class suffers more from poverty and till date markets this distinction in order to be heard. Online Reputation Management Organizations need to spend an equivalent amount of effort in managing the online brands as in maintaining the physical ones. The flow of messages is no longer controllable with the increasing number of user generated content in the form of blogs and online forums. It is thus essential to masquerade behind the scenes and influence, correct as well as add to th conversations. There are a number of cheap aggregator tools like Google alerts which help to get a daily digest via which the companies can be a part of the conversations. Video Marketing Many organizations have greatly reduced advertising budgets due to the different cost equations. In this scenario video marketing is gaining increasing importance. For e.g. a self styled makeup maven, Lauren Luke, started selling cosmetics by putting videos on YouTube. The videos have over fifty million views and her channel has more than 250000 subscribers. Next in line is the interactive video technology, through which visitors can be taken to the related content by clicking on elements in the video. Value-Added Content By pushing content onto customers businesses are now finding ways to enhance the customer experience. In order to push circulation Amazon has if you like enhancement to its catalogs. Customers continuously try to find that hidden aspect which makes him happy and visit again for purchases. Connecting with Mobile Marketing There are now more than 2.4 billion mobile phone subscribers in the world. Mobile marketing is now becoming a way to attract customers by building a one stop shop for email, photos and other digital services. It is therefore necessary for web sites to easily be able to navigate in mobile browser. Basically specific applications need to be developed to enhance the presence on customer devices by giving notices via phone. The Art of Being Real In a recent poll by AdweekMedia 78 percent respondents said that a celebrity in an advertisement does not affect them in any way. This means that now a days people are on a look for real evidence. It is a trust economy in which people who speak from the heart are believed. For e.g. Doves campaign which features real women using the beauty products was a breakthrough success. A rise of 700 percent in sales of Dove was reported in America. A Deeper Shade of Green Organizations are judged on their practices in the global community. It is now essential to talk green and to deliver on the green. The market research company, Aberdeen Group, reported that customer loyalty is driven up by 36 percent with modest green initiatives. It may rise to as high as 69 percent in some cases. In order to address this topic to teenagers, Worthington Libraries, selected a green theme for its summer reading club online. Death of Email My Info Quest is a text messaging service which a consortium of international libraries has developed which provides live reference services for public. The answers are given to the users from a worldwide network of professionals. In this way the customers are served as and when they expect due to the link between online and mobile functionality. Micromarketing Based on the differences in the customer groups marketing has now become nearly exclusively segmented. Online marketing needs to focus even on this aspect. In a study of its customers a national car wash company found that the customers fall into six different groups. Some young women prefer a car wash based on price whereas some other wealthy male segments prefer a car wash weekly at any given high price. The company has kept a record of email addresses of all its customers, thus offering the right promotional products to the right cluster and motivates behavior. Value of Design A design executes a brand through every touchpoint. Customers need to be provided with a familiar and branded experience. The use of themes, templates, stylish fonts, consistent colours develops a brand within the minds of customers who then recognize the brand easily generating a recall. Speed It is a fast moving world and people are in a constant hurry. The customers now want it fast and easy. Online customers want their results in a moments time without waiting longer on the website. Thus it is necessary that service delivery is streamlined and customers are given what they ask instantly. Emotional Connection Marketing today is all about making an emotional connection that establishes a relevance to customers. Organizations need to cement the emotional and personal connection. HOW DO YOU PLAN TO MAKE MONEY? CHOOSING A BUSINESS MODELà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. In simplest terms, a business model is a plan that an organization uses to generate income. It is a combination of many factors like the potential market or niche and how does the organization plan to reach it, the value proposition and other elements which are essential to sustain business in the long run. The company may have many marketing choices at its disposal but it needs to keep the abilities and costs associated with each marketing effort in mind. PPC (Pay Per Click) Business Model Using the PPC model organizations can advertise the product or service in the search engines (Google, Yahoo! and MSN) themselves. Organizations bid on keywords related to their business and pay for advertising only when a user clicks on the ad and visits the site. The ad is triggered when a user types in a search query which matches the keywords that were bided on. The marketer who bids the highest gets his ad displayed somewhere on top of the search results provided by the engine. In this way the company has complete control over when and where the ads are displayed. Depending upon the time of the day the ads can even be turned on or off. The geographic locations wherein the ads will be run can also be decided by the marketer. In relation to the competitors the ad position is determined by: maximum cost per click (CPC) multiplied by click-through rate. It is only when somebody actually clicks on the ad that the search engine gets paid. In this way the top position needs to be earned by writing ads that tempt searchers to click on it and explore the site. PPC is a good fit for marketers if they :  · Like to work with huge amounts of keyword information.  · Are willing to invest the time needed to do daily research and updates to accounts.  · Have more money than time and are willing to spend money to make money.  · Like working with statistics.  · Like analyzing (and reanalyzing) results.  · Know how to write small classified ads.  · Have an advertising budget of at least $100 per month, per campaign. SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Business Model Organizations get their site indexed and ranked in natural search results for search terms that are related to the business or certain keywords. For example, when someone searches a term-schools or restaurants , on Google, the Web sites that pop up first are determined by SEO. The search engines fixed algorithms determine these results and rankings. In such a type of a natural environment the owners do not have much control as to when and where the site will be displayed as in the PPC model. There is thus no cost associated with this model. The only resource required is time. The sites that rank among the top generally have strong inbound links and good content. This amounts for a lot of free traffic. A few things to keep in mind while building up the site:  · Put the keywords in the title of the page, as well in the file name if possible.  · The domain name should consist of the keyword.  · Write articles and web copy with the appropriate keywords in mind (and only a few keywords per article or web page). SEO is a good fit for marketers if they:  · Like to research a topic in depth.  · Enjoy writing content a lot of content!  · Can be patient and have time to wait for traffic (and profits) to increase. Have a limited budget.  · Enjoy spending most of the time on one site to consistently track SEO status and make changes to increase visibility.  · Enjoy doing keyword research and writing content based on just a few keywords at a time.  · Just like to make sales and dont really care where they come from (natural search result sales can be hard to track). Content Business Model In this kind of model the emphasis is on writing articles with a particular keyword or phrases. Within the article, links are provided to the merchants products. Articles may be in the form of press releases, product reviews, personal recommendations, informative content or original fresh content. Good content automatically raises the page rank since it gets linked to more often. Also penalization can be avoided if the content is original and not copied from some other sites. Interesting articles attract more traffic and lead to increased sales. The content should be updated, relevant and act as a valued information source. Visitors should enjoy reading the article and it is the articles content that should give them every reason to visit the website where the organization can market its product. The content model is a good fit if for marketers if they :  · Like to research a topic in depth.  · Enjoy writing content a lot of content!  · Can be patient and have time to wait for traffic (and profits) to increase.  · Have a limited budget.  · Enjoy spending most of time on one site/topic and have time to devote to content development each week.  · Enjoy doing keyword research and writing content based on just a few keywords at a time.  · Like to make changes to a site by consistently adding many pages of content.  · Enjoy setting up tracking links so you can find out where you sales are coming from.  · Like to manage large sites with possibly thousands of pages.  · Enjoy making sales for years to come from articles written in the past. Whichever business model the organization chooses the pay off for the strategy comes only when full time and commitment is devoted to it. Paid vs. Free Content In a survey conducted by A.C.Nielsen across 52 countries comprising 27,000 consumers, 85% prefer that free content remain free. The online content that consumers are willing to pay for includes generally those that they pay for offline and which is produced at a high cost. This includes music, movies, games and some other television shows. On the other hand they refuse to pay for user generated material like blogs and videos. Before they chip in an amount, Online users need the fulfillment of certain criteria by the content produced. 78% of participants believe if they already subscribe to a newspaper, magazine, radio or television service, they should be able to use its online content for free. 71% of global consumers say online content of any kind will have to be considerably better than what is currently free before they will pay for it. Nearly eight out of every ten (79%) would no longer use a website that charges them, presuming they can find the same information at no cost. As a group, they are ambivalent about whether the quality of online content would suffer if companies could not charge for it 34% think so while 30% do not; and the remaining 36% have no firm opinion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ But they are far more united (62%) in their conviction that once they purchase content, it should be theirs to copy or share with whomever they want. Organizations are now experimenting with different payment models, like micropayments, full service subscriptions to individual transactions. Regardless of what they offer and choose, organizations will continue advertising and along with paid content visitors will have still see ads. 64% believe that if they are paying for online content then there should be no ads. On the other hand 47% are ready to accept greater advertising to subsidize free content. There is no consensus on this subject till date and in the near future online visitors and consumers will make their decisions based on the value of the online content. CONNECT AND PROMOTE SOCIAL MEDIA CHANGING THE FACE OF ONLINE MARKETING The advent of social media has drastically changed online marketing. Now a days organizations devote an entire department to social media. Every campaign on social media is tailored to the needs of the company. A dance company will promote itself through videos posted on YouTube; on the other hand a business minded outlet like LinkedIn may be chosen by a corporation trying to promote itself to different companies. A connection is established between organizations, businesses and people due to the ability to send friend requests, post comments and join networks. All this form a part of continuous extensive user interaction. People want to connect with real people. The information online spreads at a very fast rate. One just needs to re-tweet on twitter, or suggest a Facebook page or forward an email to friends and family. All this is driving a big change in the way brand marketing works. New ideas have been inspired on the relationship between paid and earned media and their impact on the brand. Marketers are moving from a broadcast-based marketing relationship with consumers to a relationship that more explicitly considers how traditional paid media drives earned media-where consumers directly engage with the marketing messages and pass them along to their friends. Earned media Earlier earned media was looked upon as the number of times a brand was mentioned in the newspapers or tv programs. Today however these are not the only form of earned distribution. Today it is the consumer who endorses the brand to his online friends. In such a scenario, tools like organic impressions by Facebook and other options provided by social media networks are exploited to send across the brand message. Hybrid options of paid and earned media are now being used by publishers to create a greater impact. Thus unlike the traditional approach where there was a chance of the brand message degrading by the word of mouth, the brand now directly interacts with the consumer. When it comes to making decisions related to purchasing consumers rely on friends more than anyone else. This provides for a vast pool of opportunities in the growing variety of social media outlets. Encouraging Brand Advocates In advertising there is a constant need to create and encourage brand advocates. It is these advocates who are brand loyal and have an influence on the purchasing decisions of others. This is achieved on Facebook via social ads. When an ad is served to a user the names of the users friends who are fans of that brand are contained in the ad unit. The effectiveness of advertisements is actually positively affected by such lightweight forms of endorsements. Organic Exposure The ability to create earned media using an ad campaign is the main point of attraction to social media for marketers. The newsfeed stories on facebook is one such example of earned media. These stories termed as organic impressions are sent out to friends of users who involve with ads on Facebook. The ad recall was increased by 10% due to exposure to a homepage ad. Also the brand awareness was increased by 4% on an average. (Source: Survey conducted by A.C.Nielsen) How Organic Frequency Drives Impact A number of exposures to the same message still increase the recall. It shows the strong ability of organic impressions to impact the consumers over a long duration for absorbing the messages. This beats the traditional form of advertising. Earned Media Engagement and Reach Interesting homepage impressions must be developed to maximize the reach of earned media. A strong relationship is observed between the number of impressions and engagement rate of an ad campaign because the impressions are generated via interactions with ad unit which are posted as stories in users friends feeds. The problem of the impressions being tough to scale and marketers trying to reach a lot of people needs to be appropriately addressed. Types of Media on FB Concept of Earned Media Brands as Communities on Social Media The social media sites enable organizations to form product groups and fan pages. In this way opinion form brand enthusiast can be seeked. However what does a company do to attract a new pool of customers? A site called Gather.com allows organizations to gain access to people who have not yet experienced the brand offered. This website links people with similar interests rather than with friends or known people. It attracts 8.1 million visitors every month. Feedbacks are also provided regularly to members friends. In this way the site has become an important spot for marketers introducing new products. Badges and Publicity Engaging Users A location based social network site called Foursquare rewards the users with different types of virtual badges for using the service on their cell phones from various destinations. These are like virtual awards that the users earn. For example, a jetsetter badge is earned by a user if he uses Foursquare at five different airports. Reinforcement of a particular kind of behavior i.e. checking in as many times as possible, is the idea behind this. Till date over one million badges have been awarded to more than 5,00,000 users. New badges are introduced every now and then to avoid boredome and badge fatigue. It creates excitement among the users as well as an environment of positive reinforcement. The more one plays, the more one wins! FINALLY: IS YOUR MARKETING INVESTMENT DELIVERING THE EXPECTED RESULTS? MARKETING ROI With the increasing competition and customers becoming more and more price conscious, it becomes essential for marketers to ensure that they are maximizing the returns. For every rupee spent on marketing, the amount of sales achieved need to be known. Resources should be allocated to those activities which help achieve higher sales. Also the focus of marketing investment should be on campaigns that create the greatest halo effect i.e. the extent to which one brands marketing activity positively influences sales of other brands in the portfolio. The ones which have a positive impact on sales should be invested in further. The method for achieving results will differ across a brands portfolio. A tailored strategy is required for each brand and product since each has a different personality and target audience. CONCLUSION: The Wide World of Internet Marketing For someone entering the field of Internet marketing, the opportunities are vast. Most marketing professionals have a bachelors degree in some area of communication, such as advertising, marketing, or English. You can get very specialized. Desmet says. You could work for basically any company because these days almost every business has a marketing department. Sports teams need marketing departments to keep their image and brand in the public eye. Hospitals use marketing to create awareness of their achievements and support for their communitys needs. All businesses need to promote themselves, so theres a marketing position out there to suit nearly any interest. For those having difficulty picking just one specialty, there are marketing firms that work with clients across a number of industries. The foundation for [marketing] is that you have to be an excellent communicator, whatever your specialty may be, Desmet says. Marketing for the most part requires a creative approach. You always have to be coming up with fresh ideas.

My Antonia :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A plump, fair skinned girl was standing in the doorway. She looked demure and pretty, and made a graceful picture in her blue cashmere dress and little blue hat, with a plaid shawl neatly about her shoulders and a clumsy pocket book in her hand.† This is the first glimpse of the transformation from girl to successful woman of Lena Lingard in My Antonia, by Willa Cather. In the beginning of the book, Lena is portrayed as a struggling dressmaker, who because of her personality, goals, and motivation, becomes a successful individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lena’s independence and obstinacy makes her a strong personality in My Antonia. Despite how easily she attracted men, Lena never wanted to marry. This is because she was afraid of losing the independence that she had all her life. Her independence was also shown when she arrived at Jim’s apartment in Lincoln, Nebraska. Lena wasn’t tied down, so she was able to go where she wanted, whenever she wanted. Obstinacy showed in Lena’s refusal to marry. In a conversation between Jim and Lena, Jim stated, â€Å"Every handsome girl like [Lena] marries.† All through Jim’s argument, Lena stayed true to her anti-marriage view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lena’s goals were simple: not to marry, yet, make something of herself. Within the book entitled, ‘Lena Lingard,’ Lena has a discussion with Jim about her unwillingness to wed. She would â€Å"prefer to be foolish when [she] feels like it, and be accountable to nobody.† In ‘The Hired Girls’ Lena stated her desire to go into business. A later paragraph expressed her wish to become a teacher. However, Lena found this goal impossible because she was not â€Å"born smart.† Motivation was something that Lena never lacked. â€Å"I’m going to get my mother out of that old sod house where she’s lived so many years. The men will never do it.† Lena took her mother’s fate into her own hands when it was not socially acceptable for her to do so.

Research Paper on Being a Doctor

Introduction: A flame sparked a passion early in my life a desire to become a surgeon. My first exposure to the medical field was when I visited my aunt in her residency in Venezuela. â€Å"A surgeon is responsible for the success of his scheduled surgeries. He’s a leader who coordinates each operation with a highly qualified staff, assesses the patient’s need for surgery and is in charge of his post op recovery (Baylor). † A surgeon possesses qualities above those of a general physician, requiring years of additional schooling.Few choose this path and I hope one day I will succeed in reaching my ultimate goal and to also be able to help people. [pic] Research Process: The career cluster choices offered were business management, construction and health sciences which is the one that captured my attention because a surgeon fits in that category. I was excited because I got to write about something in which I was passionate. My research was primarily based on expan ding my knowledge and getting a deeper insight into the medical career of a surgeon and how to arrive at this destination, which the career cluster helped clarify.The next step was to locate the right person of prominence in the field. Although difficult, my pediatrician helped me find the him. Dr. Schierling is a general surgeon working with the Medical Clinic of North Texas. Knowing that surgeons have many responsibilities, I knew that contacting him early was necessary as well as having back up surgeons. I developed my interview in a thoughtful and detailed manner covering all the requirements making sure I had the right information to write a detailed and informative paper.I sent the interview by email Wednesday and first received his response on Sunday, learning the importance of backups and contacting people early. Dr. Schierling’s information was exactly what I was looking for; helpful and detailed information which really helped me develop my knowledge about the medic al field. Job Specifics: To become a doctor the path is long and hard. Under normal circumstances you need a four year degree in any university. You can major in anything you want, â€Å"but at least two years of you college experience will be trying to build up your prerequisite credits for med school.It is better if you major in English or science as it will be easier to meet those credits(Schierling)†. In the charts below are the ACT and SAT scores for acceptance into Southwestern University as well as class rank for acceptance. This is one of the thousand universities that offer a four year degree. To get more requirements and learn more about this university you should visit the Southwestern website. First-Year Acceptance Rates By Class Rank (2010) CLASS RANK | |185 students enrolled | |Average undergraduate GPA: 3. 8 | |Average MCAT scores: 11. 15 ( out of a 15 point scale) | Remember that it is not imperative to go to a prestigious med school to be successful (Schie rling)†. â€Å"After Medical School you will apply for residency in surgery in one of the thousands of hospitals across the country. Then after you are matched to a residency program you move to the state and get a license to practice medicine which takes about one year. Residency for surgery is usually five years, then if you want to do a sub specialization it can take about one to two years in a fellowship(Schierling). † While you do your residency you earn about 35,000-41,000 dollars, depending on the area.After you are a surgeon and depending on your specialty your salary can vary from 258,000-700,000 dollars. Hours, traveling and even dress are flexible after med school. â€Å"You also have to remember that surgeons are few and they are always in constant demand. Below are some statistics for job outlooks from the â€Å"Bureau of Labor Statistics†: Occupational Title |SOC Code |Employment, 2008 |Projected Employment, 2018 |Change, 2008-18 | | | | | |Number |Percent | |Physicians and surgeons |29-1060 |661,400 |805,500 |144,100 |22 | |Another important responsibility of a surgeon is to be a good businessman. Thinking of the patient’s ability to pay for care always needs to be taken into consideration. â€Å"This brings long hours and a difficult quality of life if you have a family, but the patient always needs to come first. A surgeon’s work week generally consists of a few days in the operating room, some days of patient evaluation and post op care. They also cover emergency calls and sometimes you are on call late at night; loss of sleep and not having the time to eat are normal.Surgeons have opportunities to attain higher positions within the hospital community; chief or head of certain departments. These positions are more managerial and can redefine your role to more leadership and less clinical care. This is a decision that every surgeon needs to make early on in his career. (Schierling)† [pic] Reflection: T he I-Search project was very eye opening and educational. This really encouraged me to start preparing to be more knowledgeable in my subject and choice of university and education.I now understand the surgeon’s general work days and the path to get there. I had the opportunity to meet people in the career field in which I was interested. I also learned about possible secondary career choices such as business management in the health care industry and the career possibilities related to managing a hospital. I discovered that while studying medicine you can also get a secondary degree such as a PHD or an MBA. The survey, therefore did manage to cover a specific interest of mine and it also opened other possibilities.I also learned that to be a doctor â€Å" you have to have good studying an organizational skills to manage all the rigorous training required as well as honesty and a good work ethic. Looking back at all the work I did put into this paper, I would only change one thing. I would have been more organized with my time. A time line would have helped me better approach all this work. This experience will help me in the future by having given me the necessary tools to complete bigger complex projects in an organized manner.

Free Essays on The Crucible “Stifled Hero“

Stifled Hero Everyday we are faced with countless tests of mettle or courage whether we realize it or not. From the kindergartener who will not to eat sand, the teenage girl who demands to keep her virginity, or the lawyer who refuses to forge a legal document, their decision (and the consequences) will remain with them forever. Martyrs face the ultimate test of mettle and die for their beliefs, while others gain a sense of accomplishment, pride and self-respect. Those who do not pass the test of mettle, however, may stand to lose a part of themselves in the process. In Arthur Miller’s 1960s play, The Crucible, Mary Warren underwent one of the most significant tests of mettle when her employer, John Proctor, sent her to the court to confess that she was lying about discovering witchcraft in Salem. Her confession would prove that the witch trials are a fraud and would prove Goody Proctor’s innocence. Although her new role in society pleases her, she realizes that innocent people los t their lives because of her act and she wants to reconcile her sins. By confessing to Judge Danforth, Mary Warren risks jeopardizing her reputation to save the lives of those people whom she condemned. She also has to stand up to her friends who will also be affected by her sudden fit of conscience. Her claim will especially affect Abigail whom Mary claims saw her stick a needle into the poppet that she made for Goody Proctor and faked evidence. Mary seems fearless and committed when Danforth threatens her about her lie: â€Å"I will tell you this- either you are lying now or you were lying in the courts, and in either case you have committed perjury and you will go to jail for it† (Miller 94). Still struggling with her test of courage, Mary replies, â€Å"I cannot lie no more† (Miller 94). But Mary Warren does not endure her â€Å"crucible† once Abigail accuses her of witchcraft, she becomes fully aware of the fact that she could go to jail or die and h... Free Essays on The Crucible â€Å"Stifled Heroâ€Å" Free Essays on The Crucible â€Å"Stifled Heroâ€Å" Stifled Hero Everyday we are faced with countless tests of mettle or courage whether we realize it or not. From the kindergartener who will not to eat sand, the teenage girl who demands to keep her virginity, or the lawyer who refuses to forge a legal document, their decision (and the consequences) will remain with them forever. Martyrs face the ultimate test of mettle and die for their beliefs, while others gain a sense of accomplishment, pride and self-respect. Those who do not pass the test of mettle, however, may stand to lose a part of themselves in the process. In Arthur Miller’s 1960s play, The Crucible, Mary Warren underwent one of the most significant tests of mettle when her employer, John Proctor, sent her to the court to confess that she was lying about discovering witchcraft in Salem. Her confession would prove that the witch trials are a fraud and would prove Goody Proctor’s innocence. Although her new role in society pleases her, she realizes that innocent people los t their lives because of her act and she wants to reconcile her sins. By confessing to Judge Danforth, Mary Warren risks jeopardizing her reputation to save the lives of those people whom she condemned. She also has to stand up to her friends who will also be affected by her sudden fit of conscience. Her claim will especially affect Abigail whom Mary claims saw her stick a needle into the poppet that she made for Goody Proctor and faked evidence. Mary seems fearless and committed when Danforth threatens her about her lie: â€Å"I will tell you this- either you are lying now or you were lying in the courts, and in either case you have committed perjury and you will go to jail for it† (Miller 94). Still struggling with her test of courage, Mary replies, â€Å"I cannot lie no more† (Miller 94). But Mary Warren does not endure her â€Å"crucible† once Abigail accuses her of witchcraft, she becomes fully aware of the fact that she could go to jail or die and h...

Output devices and techniques Essay Example

Output devices and techniques Essay Example Output devices and techniques Paper Output devices and techniques Paper For this assignment we have to produce a report on the types of hardware and software requirements, and their purposes, for an IT system. In the context of this essay I have decided that bullet point form along with brief descriptions and graphics is the best way to present this assignment. 6 STAGE MODEL Shown above is the six-stage model, showing the processes undertaken by a computer system. Below is what each of my pictures represents: Mouse: Input Device   The Tower: Central Processing Unit Monitor: Output Device   Floppy Disk: Backing Store. Head: Main Memory   Telephone: Communications Devices e. g. Internet Input Devices and Techniques Input devices are the means whereby computers can accept data or instructions (Heathcott P M, 2000, p 159)   Keyboard: The keyboard is the most commonly used of all input devices. It can be used for a various number of tasks, form entering programs, to typing documents using a word processor, or entering a persons personal details etc.   Mouse: The mouse and its variants such as the trackball is well known with all PC users. Scanner: A scanner can be used to scan graphical images and photographs, and software can then be used to edit or touch up the images. Scanners can also be used to read typed or hand-writtten documents and this can then be interpreted by using OCR software, which can then export it to a word processor or data file. Scanners can also be used to input large volumes of data on pre-printed forms such as credit card payments, where the customers account number and amount paid are printed at the bottom of the payment slip. Web Cam: This transfers images onto the screen. In can be used via the internet for video conferencing or you can even pre-record messages and send them via E-mail. Bar Code Reader: Bar codes appear on almost everything we buy, whether it is a new CD or a tin of bins. The pattern of thick thin lines represents the 13 digit number underneath the bar code. There are four main pieces of information on a bar code. The first few two or three digits represent in which country the product was registered. The next five digits represent the manufacturers code. The second group of five numbers represents the product and package size. The last digit is a check digit, which is calculated from the other digits in the code and ensures that the barcode is keyed in or read correctly. A very similar process to that used in the ASCII code where the spare digit is used as the parity. A Product Bar Code Light Pen: A light pen is a device which incorporates a light sensor so that when it is held close to a screen over a character or part of a graphic, the object is detected and can be moved to create or modify graphics.   Microphone: An input devise for sound recording. OMR (Optical Mark Recognition): An Optical Mark Reader can detect marks made in present positions on a form. The most common example of this is the lottery. It is also widely used for marking, multiple choice exams and market research questionnaires.   OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Light is emitted, bounced back and then received. This is how the OCR reads its characters. The light emitted is in different resolutions depending on the character. OCR is used widely in services such as gas and electricity etc.   MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): All banks use MICR for processing cheques. Along the bottom of a cheque the banks sort code, customer account number and cheque number are encoded in special characters in magnetic ink. The amount of the cheque is encoded in magnetic ink when it is handed in at the bank. The cheques can then be processed by MICR devices that read, sort and store the data on disk. MICR has several advantages for processing cheques: 1. It is hard to forge the characters 2. The characters can be read even if the cheque is crumpled, dirty or smudged 3. The characters are readable by humans, unlike bar codes The disadvantage of MICR though is the expense. This is why you dont find many other examples of it being used.   Swipe Cards: Swipe cards are operated by using a magnetic strip. They are used in credit cards, debit cards, railway tickets, phone cards and many others. The magnetic strip can be encoded with upto 220 characters of data and other 83% of adults in Britain own at least one card. Unfortunately because there are only 220 characters of data this makes the cards very easy to copy, which is why the strips will eventually, disappear and be replaced by a chip, which is almost impossible to fake. Something slightly similar to the smart card. Smart Cards: Smart cards are of a similar appearance to that of the swipe cards, but instead of using the magnetic strip they contain a small 1-millimeter square microprocessor which is stored in the centre of the card. This is then protected by a small gold electrical contact the card can still read information through this. Unlike the swipe card the smart cards can hold millions of characters of data. In the future banks hope to replace all the swipe cards with a Super card which will also be able to be used to pay for smaller goods such as milk and newspapers without the need to carry cash. This card will almost be unbreakable. In Belgium they already have a similar system working to this it is called the Proton Card, which incorporates the use of both magnetic strip and a microprocessor chip for bank withdrawals and payments of small goods. The Smart Card   Touch Sensitive Screens: A touch sensitive screen allows the user to touch an area of the screen rather than having to type the data on a keyboard. They are widely used in tourist centres, where tourists can look up various local facilities and entertainments, in fast food stores such as McDonalds for entering customer orders, in manufacturing, and also bars. Digitisers: A digitiser can draw quality illustrations. It has a flat rectangular slab onto which a stylus (anything that terminates in a point) is placed. Output Devices and Techniques The ultimate aim of the computer is to produce useful information, the information that is produced by the computer is in binary digits, we therefore need devices to translate these into a form we can use (Corbitt T, 1990, p 11)   VDU: (Visual Display Unit) The VDU is similar in appearance to the television receiver, an alternative name is the monitor. VDUs have better resolution than TVs and therefore are better for graphical work. It has its own fixed amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) associated with it to store the image being displayed on the screen. So the more RAM it has the better the resolution displayed on the screen. The number of pixels used to represent a full: If 1 bit represents each pixel then two colours can be displayed, so to display 256 colours you would need 8 bits (1byte) It is usually possible to adjust both the resolution and the number colours if you select a high resolution you wont be able to have as many colours because of the memory available on the VDU. Printers The results of processing are usually required in printed form. Printers come in all shapes and sizes, there are two main categories of printers:   Impact Printers which transfer the image on to the paper by applying pressure against a ribbon onto the paper, this transfers ink form the ribbon to the paper forming the image   Non-impact Printers which produce the image on the paper without any contact. Impact Printers   Dot-matrix: The characters on this are formed by dots. The print head contains a number of needles, the more there are of these the better the quality of print. A head with nine needles would take seven horizontal movements to print a character, this printer would be said to have a seven-by-nine-character matrix. In the latest type near letter quality is produced by double printing. The line of type is printed, the head moves back to the beginning of the line, moves down fractionally and then prints the line a second time. This doubles the time taken to print a document. To overcome this more expensive models use twice the number of needles and near letter quality can be achieved with one pass of the head. The dot-matrix can also print out graphics and pictures of a basic quality. Dot-matrix printers, which can print in colour, are available, these use a ribbon which contains red, green and blue. Coloured output is obtained by repeated printing, repositioning of the paper, print head and ribbon. The dot-matrix can print between 30 and 200 characters per second (cps).   Daisy-wheel printers: The print head consists of flexible arms extending from a centre hub, the characters are at the tips of the arms. When printing the hub revolves bringing the required character next to the ribbon. Some daisy-wheel printers are bi-directional and the print head can turn in either direction so that quickest possible print time is achieved. The print can be changed so that different font styles can be used. Daisy wheel printers are unable to print graphics unlike the dot-matrix. It is capable of speed ranges 12 to 55 cps. Non-impact printers   Thermal printers: These use specially treated paper, which is affected by heat generated by the print head as it passes across the paper. The main advantages are that they are silent and fast, printing 30-120 cps. Disadvantages are that the paper is expensive and that the printed image degrades in time.   Ink-jet printer: With this type of printer the characters are formed on the paper by spraying it with a stream of ink dots. They are fast, printing 150-270 cps and almost soundless, the quality of print is very good. A Canon Bubble Jet Printer BJC7000   Plotters: Plotters are used to produce drawings, diagrams and other types of graphical output. There are two varieties in use, the flatbed plotter which is used where accuracy is important and the drum plotter which is used for business applications. The flatbed type is fixed while the pen moves over the top of the device while the axis moves up and down, whilst the drum variety uses continuous stationery. In both types the pens, under the program control, are moved to the down position, the movement of the pens is then controlled to draw the image. There are from one to six pens, which can be used to output different colours. There is also the less commonly known graph plotter. This is most commonly seen in use for lie detector tests.   COM: (Computer Output on Microfilm) The problem of storing information on paper can be considerable in a large business. One way to solve this is to have output from the computer photographed as microscopic images directly onto microfilm. Two methods of storage are used, one put the information onto a roll of 16mm film while the other uses microfiche. Microfiche can store upto 100 pages of A4 on a single piece, to see it you must have a microfiche reader. The most recent examples of this being used is in libraries and in garages for checking car parts. Data can be stored onto microfilm directly from the computer or off line using magnetic tape as an intermediary store. Voice output: The output of the computer can be given in spoken form by using voice synthesisers to transform words stored in the computer into human speech, this is great for disabled people who cannot speak as it allows them to communicate. The user can hear through a loudspeaker. Secondary device techniques A permanent, non-volatile form of storage is required by all computer systems to save software and data files. Magnetic tape, magnetic disks, CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory), and microfilm are all examples of what is known as secondary storage.

buy custom Enron essay

buy custom Enron essay Introduction Enron was a giant energy company that was based in Texas, USA. It was the leading company in the provision of electricity and natural gas, and was then named as the most innovative company until the revelation of its substantial financial reporting and systematic fraud of its accounting processes had been highly institutionalized. The revelations of the scandal lead to the fall of its share, which had been considered to be the blue chip stock from over 90 dollars to selling in pennies. Enrons code of ethics issued in July 2000 indicated that the responsibility of conducting affairs of the business in accordance with the law, moral and honest manner was in its officers and employees. The code also stated that an employee should not directly or indirectly behave himself in a manner that was detrimental to the companys interests, thus, basing the codes on respect, excellence, integrity, and communication. The officer of Enron did not follow the codes of conduct, as it was stipulated, le ading to its fall. This paper will analyze the accounting systems that never provided the true face of the firm. Enron revenues grew considerably to 101 billion dollars in 2000 until its revelation that appeared to show its problems being not as a result of some core energy operations, but with other ventures. Reasons for the Collapse of Enron a)Accounting Problems The collapse of Enron was not due to its large size, but it was caused by decentralization of its operations to numerous subsidiaries that made it hard to detect when the company was running on losses. The requirement to make public the financial statements that was traded publicly made Enron craft some imaginary statements with its subsidiaries that were masking its true financial statements (Nicholson, 2011). The accounting records of Enron held back the losses it had been making and only stated the assets of its subsidiaries. Thus, the company gained confidence of market financiers who financed its e-commerce ventures. The over reliance of the special-purpose entities (SPE) made the company heavily indebted, thus leading the company to form the partnership with its financiers because it was not possible to finance their debts. The financiers then had to lend funds to the partnership, which were never revealed in the companys balance sheet. This SPE applied all kinds of ventures ev en selling some assets to these partnerships with the management of the company. The SPE used by this company depicted the recklessness and incompetence of its management team without even disclosing the existence of the SPE. The company used derivatives that did manipuate the results of the companys accounting and the need for full disclosure of the financial statements applying the set standards of accounting that were not followed. The markets, in which Enron traded, were never regulated, and thus, the profitability of the company in its derivatives was higher than the financial statements. The offshore entities of Enron were used for planning and tax avoidance in such a way raising the companys profitability. This, in turn, did provide the movement of funds which necessitated the holding back of the disclosure of losses. These offshore entities made the company looking profitable because of doctoring the financial statements where in the real sense the company was losing funds. b)Top Leadership The top executives of Enron were charged with fraud, money laundering and insider trading which were criminal acts. The management of a company is the one responsible for safeguarding the company shareholders interests. Enron management waived the rules of interests and creating a partnership that do business with the company and managing these partnerships by the same management. These executives raised their credibility and adherence to the code of conduct of the company. In any working environment, there are some established rules of effective working. These rules are implemented so as to ensure that the set goals and objectives are achieved in business. One of the main reasons why these rules exist is so as to guide individuals. These guidelines help different individuals to coordinate activities among themselves so as to achieve the expected results. Since the working environment consists of many personalities, they operate as a team. Within the team, there are the established rules on how the team operates. This is extremely vital since it helps in the attainment of these set goals. It also prevents random decisions. The management of Enron engaged into business activities that violated the companys code of ethics. The activities involved trading the volatile earnings not rewarded on the stock market. The management of Enron was the one to bear the responsibility for the collapse of this company as the ethics code stated. They were involved in the creation of partnerships that they managed on their own. Thus, they gave some exceptions from the ethics code of the company and its values, and the visions did not match with the management actions. c)Management culture The collapsing of Enron was not as a result of an accident, but the companys culture of management. This facilitated its downfall through fraud and greed because the company was extorting its consumers. The managementt only focused on the maintenance of values appearance that raised the trading price of its stock instead of relying on the creation of the real value of the company. The company also resulted in replacing employees in their divisions even though the integrity was compromised. It is viewed that the company was leveraging with the administration that allowed the perpetration of frauds. Therefore, the collapse can be attributed as the largest problem of management culture (Nicholson, 2011). d)Auditing issues The federal law requires that auditing a public company should be conducted by an independent auditor. The auditors of Enron were either misled of the actual income of the company which was restated with the losses being reported to be lower than they appeared, or the auditor compromised its independence used in the determination of the nature and the extents of the procedures applied in auditing. Enron did not use an outside auditor and this led to the management not disclosing the real status of the companys assets (Jickling, 2002). The auditor was indicted for the destruction of documents that showed the auditing of Enron. e)Pension Issues Enron was sponsoring its employees benefits. It was later revealed that the retirement stock was even larger than the stock of the company. The companys collapse led to employees losing their values of the retirement benefits. The plan was supposed to allow the participants to have information setting limits on the companys stock that can hold the retirement plan. f)Banking Issues The collapse of Enron was also contributed by the participation of banks as they provided the funding of the offshore ventures. They were also involved in partnering with the company proving funds that were traded off the balance sheet. The banks were also viewed as providing derivatives to other institutions by recommending the companys securities as they were faced with the opportunity of making profits form their deals and the risk avoidance from the bank (Jickling, 2002). Conclusion The management of Enron was never guided by the code of ethics, and, thus, they did not create the ethical environment for the company as the fundamental values of respect, integrity excellence, and communication that were never followed. The collapse of Enron was enhanced by the managements failure to guard the interests of the companys owners. They also used loans to pay the existing loans in supporting the e-commerce ventures. These financiers facilitated the frauds that were being committed to the company. Buy custom Enron essay

Analytical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Analytical Report - Essay Example The system will generate SMS messages to the subscribed students and faculty about the upcoming events taking place in SEECS UNIVERSITY. It will keep them informed about the class schedules and any activity taking pace in the institute. Messages will be automated and the administration will not have to write the content manually. Our system will be flexible so that the admin of the SEECS UNIVERSITY will be able to send the information of their choice and moderate it accordingly without any problems. The project will also contain a web portal where the students, faculty can interact with the interface. The web portal will maintain all the admin tasks. The students and faculty will have special forums to discuss about any activity, topic and sharing of ideas. Those forums will be accessible both through web and SMS. Problem Statement: SNS will be an automated SMS based notification system that will generate automatic notifications about upcoming events, class schedules, announcements. Our system will also enable the students to interact with each other via SMS and web based discussion forums. Students will also be able to get reminder about the class with location of the classroom. Main challenges in implementation are dissociation between different subscribers. Every subscriber will get message of only his/her related subscribed service. Ensuring security will also be another challenge. Our system will ensure absolutely no spamming. A centralized control is necessary to deploy that will be a major task. Masking the cell number of the sender will also be ensured in our system so that if someone does not want to expose his/her cell number to everyone will be able to do so. Related Work and Literature Survey: SEECS UNIVERSITY is already using NINS, an SMS notification system to notify the students about any activity. But this system lacks automation. There are some defined groups, the operation personnel have to select the groups, write the message manually and sen d it. There are no concepts of automatic timers, SMS alerts about any emergency, inter communication between students and faculty. There is no integration with â€Å"SEECS UNIVERSITY website† and event calendar updates are needed to be sent manually for notification. That means that if someone does not have internet access in a certain situation, He or She is unable to find about the event that is updated in the event calendar. Our proposed project will be automated. It will generate SMS alerts based on timers. A separate web portal will be maintained for the administration for registering, allowing deleting subscribers, student, faculty discussions because there is no user friendly and proper interface of NINS right now. Using our system the faculty will be able to get the reminders of their schedules, which right now is absent in NINS. A Student will be able to interact, using SMS service with the whole class wherever He or She might be even without internet access. Right n ow there is no such service provided by NINS. All the control is with the admin and a student cannot convey his message, important news or notification regarding any activity if He or She does not have a cell number of

Popper's Falsificationism versus Hempel's Confirmation Theory Essay

Popper's Falsificationism versus Hempel's Confirmation Theory - Essay Example According to Carl Hempel, deductive logic is a device for preserving truth. Therefore, positive evidence is used to confirm a hypothesis. On the other hand, Karl Popper objected that it was logically impossible to confirm or justify theories by using claims of science and observation. Hempel asserts that if the premises of a deductive argument are true, then the conclusion must also be true. Therefore, logical arguments should start from some foundation while, according to Popper, theoretical claims are known to have extended beyond the particular observations that were used to support them. According to Popper’s falsification theory, experience, more specifically, sensory experience is a foundation for arriving at a subsequent observation could always prove the best confirmed theory false. Hempel and others, who supported the confirmation theory, had a strategy of showing how claims of science might be justified by being derived from sentences that could be confirmed or inval idated by observation. On the other hand, Popper, argued in favor of an alternative in which scientists should strive to falsify hypotheses, in reference to the bold hypotheses that make strong claims about the world.... Logic of science must be universal. The scientific method must be formal, and should rest not on specific assumptions about the way the world is, but it must be sufficient. Therefore, given a set of premises rules of logic are sufficient to decide whether a conclusion follows and there is no need of other information (Kincaid 23). Always logic of science should allow us to do something similar, and that is to decide whether a hypothesis is confirmed given the data. Similarly, according to Hempel, a new law is looked by following a process, whereby a guess is made; consequences are computed about the guess to see what would be implied if this law that was guessed is right. Then, the result of computation is compared with nature to see if it works. Agreement will constitute good evidence only when it is known that there is not a more reasonable rival that predicts what ha already been observed. As much as confirmation is only one part of acceptance, and acceptance of a theory requires more than knowing whether a specific batch of data supports a particular hypothesis, multiple tests, the scope of the data, the logical and evidential ties with other hypotheses can be factored in order to make it practical (Kincaid 24). In shifting the emphasis entirely to falsification, Popper rejects the generally accepted aspect of science that experience, more specifically; sensory experience is a foundation for arriving at a subsequent observation because it could always prove the best confirmed theory false. He rejects the qualitative notion of evidence in confirmation. He argues that claims of the logic of science are generalizations from scientific practice. However, scientific practice is diverse in terms of time and fields.

Using Power and Influence to Get a Promotion Research Paper

Using Power and Influence to Get a Promotion - Research Paper Example Case in point is a person who has been working as a fiber optic network technician for the past 13 years in the organization and feels ready and qualified to take the next step into a management role. Having the requisite work experience, background, education and passion, it does not make sense why the person has not been promoted yet. An interview reveals: â€Å"My education has given me the tools & skills to work as an effective manager. Given the company’s organizational structure it is very difficult to move up without relocating, but not impossible. Relocating is not an option for me. The company typically will not allow someone to supervise current peers†. This case shows an instance in the organization where a qualified person is facing a ceiling towards their steady career progression, with no obvious means at their disposal to help the situation. This raises the question of whether it is possible to utilize power and influence within the organization to get the promotion without having to relocate. Despite having appropriate work experience and education in the field to be able to take on a management role at the company, a person is overlooked for promotion based on the inability of the person to relocate. Without the option of relocating, there are very limited chances of getting a promotion. Is it possible to use power and influence to get a promotion in the company without relocating? Having power and influence in an organization means having access to more information, having control and influence over peers and subordinates and having a say in the decision making process. This power wielding can be done formally or informally. Therefore, power is in a way a product of ability and willingness to control other persons, important information and ‘instrumentalities’ (Mechanic 1962). To attain power, one must not only have the knowledge and the deep

Charismatic Leadership Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charismatic Leadership Theory - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that while charismatic leadership theory constitutes one of the major leadership theories, there is a great degree of variety in what research identify as the core elements of this theory. It follows that a multi-perspective approach must be implemented in articulating the various aspects of this leadership model. Charisma was first considered as a construct within a sociological context by the theorist Max Weber who considered it in relation to large-scale change enacted by skilled and mystical individuals in times social crisis; this is notable as Weber’s initial characterization of this theory considered it as requiring both a special individual, as well as an external crisis situation for the core of the charismatic process to occur, Later theories would emphasize less the external circumstances, as the charismatic traits of the leader and their followers. In terms of leadership, the theory was advanced by Conger and Kanungo who considered it in terms of a number of personality factors, including strategic vision and articulation, and sensitivity to environmental context. Since this precedent, charisma has been used and developed as a leadership theory in a variety of contexts. There are a variety of charismatic leadership theories, influenced by Weber’s original articulation of the concept, that incorporates psychological theories as key elements in the leadership model.

THEORY, PRACTICE AND EVIDENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY A DYNAMIC Essay

THEORY, PRACTICE AND EVIDENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY A DYNAMIC TRILOGY - Essay Example Dissociative disorders may be thought of in terms of adaptation. The dissociative response to stress has served an adaptive role in the patient's life in the past in that it has protected the person against the full-blown impact of intense emotional pain and trauma. By the time someone with dissociative problems is in treatment or is seen by an occupational therapist, the dissociate is no longer adaptive. It interferes with the person's ability to face and cope with reality, and thus with the ability to function. The purpose of occupational therapy treatment for patients with dissociative disorders is twofold. Patients need first to recognize their fear of experiencing emotions and begin to allow and accept their feelings. They need to recognize formerly traumatic events that hold many conflicting, painful feelings for them. Occupational therapy and expressive and cognitive media can aid in individual's exploration toward self-awareness. Second, occupational therapy can help people learn new functional ways of coping when their fears interfere with functioning and daily life. The acknowledgement and acceptance of painful emotions can be very frightening for patients with dissociative disorders who understandably may have a difficult time choosing to face their difficult realities over choosing a more familiar and comfortable escape. It takes time and the development of a trustworthy therapeutic relationship for patients to be willing to risk this change. Part of "accepting" feelings involves learning more effective ways to cope with the accompanying pain rather than escaping into the altered reality or different personality. This involves, first, learning to recognize personal patterns of dissociation - in other words, when, where, how and under what circumstances dissociation tends to occur - in order to avoid using these old patterns when stress increases. Second, it involves relearning and learning specific new strategies for coping with stresses that may have induced the person to dissociate in the first place. The integrating of personalities means that some personalities will no longer exist as separate and distinct. Alters typically perform specific, compartmentalized functions. Talents and skills that may have resided with one alter may thus be lost, resulting in a loss of familiar ways of coping. Therefore, the newly integrated individual may have much to relearn. An individual will typically have learned to dissociate to the exclusion of learning other, adaptive ways of coping. In this case, unfamiliar new ways of coping must be learned and new roles may have to be taken over and learned by the remaining personality or personalities. Occupational therapists, in conjunction with other members of the treatment team, can assist patients with dissociative disorders in all the ways described in the succeeding sections of the paper. The Therapeutic Approach Occupational Therapists can aid the therapy team by gathering historical information. This may often be expressed through a nonverbal medium (art, drawing, sculpting, and crafts) and thus is more likely to be facilitated in the occupational therapy process than in other therapies. Through the same process, occupational therapists can learn general information about specific alter personalities such as their names, ages, reasons why they were created and functions they serve for the

TV shows and commercials' problems and effect to children Lab Report

TV shows and commercials' problems and effect to children - Lab Report Example This "TV shows and commercials' problems and effect to children" essay outlines ten different TV shows, analyzes their impact on kids and values they teach to them. SpongeBob SquarePants: this is one of the American television shows that are popular in the modern television series. It is largely watched amongst the children population. It is also interesting to adults due to its enthusiastic plot. It presents some unique set up in regard to life far from the terrestrial environment. The fact that it is presented in form of cartoons makes it entertaining for the children. However, there are various gaffes associated with the language used, situations as well as the language that is used in the presentations. There are particular innuendos that tend to be above the understanding of the young viewers. In the presentations, the advertisements are usually targeted at the children, such as t-shirts, boxer-shorts and other commodities that are suitable for children such as delicious foods. The show is valuable to the children since it promotes courageousness and the desire to explore life under the water. Sesame Street: this is a TV show that significantly impacts on the lives of children in regard to their learning capability. Its entertainment aspect makes it attractive to children, which has made its theme a success amongst them. The puppets and animations are stimulating, coupled with talented actors who make the show very interesting. The aspect of familiarizing with letters and words is usually helpful in regard to improvement of learning.

Charismatic Leadership Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charismatic Leadership Theory - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that while charismatic leadership theory constitutes one of the major leadership theories, there is a great degree of variety in what research identify as the core elements of this theory. It follows that a multi-perspective approach must be implemented in articulating the various aspects of this leadership model. Charisma was first considered as a construct within a sociological context by the theorist Max Weber who considered it in relation to large-scale change enacted by skilled and mystical individuals in times social crisis; this is notable as Weber’s initial characterization of this theory considered it as requiring both a special individual, as well as an external crisis situation for the core of the charismatic process to occur, Later theories would emphasize less the external circumstances, as the charismatic traits of the leader and their followers. In terms of leadership, the theory was advanced by Conger and Kanungo who considered it in terms of a number of personality factors, including strategic vision and articulation, and sensitivity to environmental context. Since this precedent, charisma has been used and developed as a leadership theory in a variety of contexts. There are a variety of charismatic leadership theories, influenced by Weber’s original articulation of the concept, that incorporates psychological theories as key elements in the leadership model.

TV shows and commercials' problems and effect to children Lab Report

TV shows and commercials' problems and effect to children - Lab Report Example This "TV shows and commercials' problems and effect to children" essay outlines ten different TV shows, analyzes their impact on kids and values they teach to them. SpongeBob SquarePants: this is one of the American television shows that are popular in the modern television series. It is largely watched amongst the children population. It is also interesting to adults due to its enthusiastic plot. It presents some unique set up in regard to life far from the terrestrial environment. The fact that it is presented in form of cartoons makes it entertaining for the children. However, there are various gaffes associated with the language used, situations as well as the language that is used in the presentations. There are particular innuendos that tend to be above the understanding of the young viewers. In the presentations, the advertisements are usually targeted at the children, such as t-shirts, boxer-shorts and other commodities that are suitable for children such as delicious foods. The show is valuable to the children since it promotes courageousness and the desire to explore life under the water. Sesame Street: this is a TV show that significantly impacts on the lives of children in regard to their learning capability. Its entertainment aspect makes it attractive to children, which has made its theme a success amongst them. The puppets and animations are stimulating, coupled with talented actors who make the show very interesting. The aspect of familiarizing with letters and words is usually helpful in regard to improvement of learning.

Rates of Divorce Have Risen Significantly in Western Countries Essay Example for Free

Rates of Divorce Have Risen Significantly in Western Countries Essay In the last 20 years, rates of divorce have risen significantly in Western countries. Critically analyse some of the different explanations given for this phenomenon. In your discussion you should consider what implications these explanations might have for social policy. For this essay I would focus on why rates of divorce have increased in Western countries. To answer this question, I would give my own critical explanation, focusing on what I know from experience are the reasons why couples choose to divorce. I would then interview a number of divorced people I know asking them what the reasons were for the breakdown of their marriage. I would then consider current social policies relating to divorce and find out how well the people I interview have coped since they were divorced. If a couple decides to divorce, a number of major transitions of lifestyle and outlook have to be made. A series of interviews which Robert Weiss carried out with divorced men and women in the US showed a definite trajectory of divorce (Weiss, 1976). Women suffer from a divorce far more than men on an economic level, but the process of psychological and social adjustment seems similar for both sexes. In the majority of instances Weiss studied, the respect and liking a couple may have felt for one another disappears some while before they separate. At the same time, a sense of being bound emotionally to the other person persists. Thus even though a couple may row bitterly just before parting, they tend to experience what Weiss calls separation distress. The sudden absence of the spouse creates feelings of anxiety and panic. A minority of individuals however have an opposite experience a feeling of euphoria in response to being free and able to deal with their lives on their own.

Definition Of The Life Cycle Costing Construction Essay

Definition Of The Life Cycle Costing Construction Essay This report emphasizes for identifying critical phases of pre contract cost planning and controlling process in the life cycle of project with respect to the RIBA plan of work how to manage them and how to obtain a maximum turnover of the project within the quantity surveyors role as a cost manager. Hence, this study will discuss significant project pre contract cost planning and controlling process, such as methods of estimates for cost planning for different stages of RIBA work plan, pre-contract cost planning and cost controlling process with respect to the RIBA plan of work a client/consultant may adopt during each stage, the term life cycle costing and related terminology, the quantity surveyors role as a cost manager, in the life cycle of the project. MAIN BODY Explain the methods of preparing estimates for cost planning for different stages of RIBA work plan. What Is Cost Planning? The Cost Planning is a method of cost controlling the cost (Price to client) of a project within a pre-determined sum up to the tender stage. (Page3, Cost studies) Cost Planning give advice to client how much will be project cost. As well, cost planning will advise when the expected expenses will most possible occur. Hence its important for get required project finance and for determining possible project profit. Therefore cost planning process essential to success of project. Methods of Estimating for Cost Planning There are some significant estimating methods uses in construction industry for Cost planning process. Those methods give preliminary estimate, hence Quantity Surveyor has to modify predetermine data considering the followings, such as , market conditions, Size, number of storeys, specification level, inclusions exclusions, service, site foundation conditions and other factors. Conference Estimating Method RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, These method uses for preparation of the initial price estimate give to the client. It is based on a cooperative view of a group of persons, and not quantify in any particular way. Financial methods RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, This method fixes a cost limit on the building design, according to the unit of accommodation or rental values. For example, Unit method   RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, The unit method is multiplies desire standard unit of accommodation by an approximate cost per unit. Not required specific drawings, specifications, only the concept of the project relevant to the required function. For example: Schools costs per pupil enplace Hospitals costs per bed enplace Car parks cost per car space Estimate = Standard units  of accommodation x Cost per unit Cube method   Design Stage This is the superseded method because of inherent disadvantages; this method needs some sketch drawings, historical cost data, and also  important estimator experience. It is based on association between building volume and unit cost. For example: Superficial area method RIBA Stage B Strategic Briefing and also can be used for Stage C This is presently most common use method, its use for early price estimating purposes. The area of each of the floors multiplied by the cost per square meter. Mostly important Storey heights, plan shape and methods for when choose on the rate need be used. For example: Story enclosure unit method This technique use weightings for the estimating the building elements Elemental Cost estimating Detail Design Stage (Production information Stage F) This can use to establish the approximate cost of a construction project. It analyzes, the cost of the project on an elemental basis using from other similar projects. Also provides cost advice during the design process. Detail drawings are required. For example: Approximate Cost estimating Approximate quantities present additional detailed approximate estimate. No particular rules of  measurement exist, Also significantly more information is required from the designer.. For example: Resource analysis (Pre Construction Stage Tender Documentation -G) This method is traditionally adopted by contractors estimators to determine their individual rates for measured items in bills of quantities. All individual measured items are analyzed into its element parts such as labour, materials and plant. This method is not a pre-tender method of price prediction strictly. For example: Explain the pre-contract cost planning and cost controlling process with respect to the RIBA plan of work a client/ consultant may adopt during each stage What Is Pre-contract Cost Planning? Pre Cost planning is very important to successful planning, design and construction of projects and is aimed at providing best value solutions. Essentially it is a pre-costing method of a project. As well as Pre-estimation of a design proposal will give clear picture about the cost to the employer and design team to make decisions regarding the project to make sure value for money. Pre-Contract Cost Planning Process The pre-contract cost planning process according to the RIBA plan of work 1998; it can be described as follows. Graph 2.1 Pre-stage A (Establish the budget) Client is the appointing client management team (Consultants) such as, client representative, cost consultant, according to his requirements. Identify objectives, physical scope of project, standard of quality of building and services, timeframe and establishing the budget. Emphasis nature of clients problems and functional requirements on proposed project. Work Stage A (Options Appraisal) Consultant has to identify of client prerequisite and possible limitation on development and cost of the ideal solution. Prepare technical, functional and cost studies by consultant and then it should enable to the client to take decision on his project weather he can continue the first proposal or could do some changes to the first proposal etc. also select the possible procurement method. Work Stage B (Strategic Brief) Consultant has to prepare initial cost suggestion to the client based on an outline statement of clients needs, also to determine target cost. This establish an initial budget for client Client has to investigate availability of finance for the project and value of money framework. Pre Contract Cost Control Generally Pre contract cost controlling process is implement from this stage according to the RIBA work plan mentioned chart 1.2, Pre Contract Cost Control process give to ensure the cost of the project is within the clients budget or not. Hence pre contract cost control is very essential in a project since it is planning, design finalizing and tendering and selecting a suitable contractor too. Outline Proposals- Stage C Consultant involves preparing outline proposal and estimate of cost as initial cost plan. Investigate the site conditions and preliminary sketches for requirement of cost plan by consultant. Evaluate strategic brief through consideration of time, cost, risk and environmental issues. Establish design management procedures and prepare initial cost plan, project program, and cash flow. Detailed Proposals Stage D At this stage, consultant prepares full detailed proposals for the client, and also prepares firm cost plan detailed elemental cost plan etc. Clint tem evaluate outline proposals for make final decision, Receive design and cost input from client appointed team and extend detailed design solution. Development control submission. Review procurement advice. Final Proposals Stage E Consultant has to prepared final proposal for the project at this stage. Carry out cost check of the design as it develop against the cost plan, hence it Confirmation of the cost limits for the project. Most cost effective in satisfying level of project brief to confirm or put final budget and to check the elemental cost targets. Cost checks design against cost plan. Decide on procurement methods. Consultant, they attending to review design and cost plan. Consultant has to prepare all required submission for legal approvals. Production Information Stage F All legal approvals should have completed when at this stage. This is the assessment of lowest acceptable tender price based on completed contract documents. Ensure that the completed designs are controlled within the cost limits. Prepare all co-ordinate production information including location. Arrange bring together all component drawings, schedules and specifications. Supply all required information for final cost checks of design against cost plan. Explain the term life cycle costing and related terminology. Definition of the life cycle costing According to definition of Hoar and Norman (1990) appropriately defined the life cycle cost of an advantage as the present value of total cost of the asset over its operating life including initial capital costs, occupational costs, operating costs and the cost or benefit of the eventual disposal of the asset at the end of its life. Hence life cycle costing related with the time stream of costs and benefits that flow throughout the life of the project. There are number of term use in industry to identify different stages in the life cycle costing techniques, hence flowing are the specially use in construction industry. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) Quantity surveyor assist to prepare this, based on collection and analysis of historic data on actual costs of occupying building (running cost and performance). Life cycle cost management (LCCM) Actually it is derived from life cycle cost analysis and identities, by this way client can be compare building cost and controlling occupancy cost throughout the life of building to get maximum value. Life cycle planning (LCCP) This is as part of life cycle cost management; it is constitute the prediction of total costs of a building, part or individual element taking account of initial capital costs, subsequent running cost and residual values. There are numerous costs associated with acquiring, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system. Building-related costs usually fall into the following categories: Initial Costs-Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs Fuel Costs Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs Replacement Costs Residual Values-Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs Finance Charges-Loan Interest Payments Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs Only those costs within each category that are relevant to the decision and significant in amount are needed to make a valid investment decision. Costs are relevant when they are different for one alternative compared with another; costs are significant when they are large enough to make a credible difference in the LCC of a project alternative. For Example: Image of a bar graph showing the 30 Year Cost of a Building. The design and construction are at 2% of the cost, maintenance costs are at 6% and personnel salaries are at 92%. Viewed over a 30 year period, initial building costs account for approximately just 2% of the total, while operations and maintenance costs equal 6%, and personnel costs equal92%.Graphic: Sieglinde Fuller Source: Sustainable Building Technical Manual / Joseph J. Romm, Lean and Clean Management, 1994. Life cycle costing Terminology Explain the Quantity Surveyors role as a cost manager, in the life cycle of the project. Role of the Quantity Surveyor as a Cost Manager Quantity surveyor is the person/ firm who manage the cost relating to the construction projects, such as new constructions, maintenance work and renovations. Quantity surveyor monitors the cost of every aspects of a construction project as a cost manager, as well as seeks to minimize the costs of the project and to make more cost savings while ensuring the total cost of project does not exceed the estimated cost. Furthermore when study about Quantity Surveyors in Cost manger position also have to be identified their duties and Responsibilities properly. Conducting feasibility studies and writing procurement reports. Managing estimating and cost planning activities to include taking ownership of and presenting the final cost plan. Managing the procurement process, ensuring that all stages including pre-qualification, enquiry, analysis, selection and contract preparation are performed effectively. Ensuring that post-contract cost variances and change control processes are managed effectively. Ensuring that cost checking and valuation work is managed effectively. Ensuring the production of monthly post-contract cost reports and presenting them to the client. Value engineering and life cycle costing. Ensuring that final accounts are negotiated and agreed. Taking a lead role in interfacing with the client and other consultants, at all project stages. Working with Associate Directors and Directors to construct bids for new work. Identifying and acting upon opportunities to improve cost management procedures, templates and products.

Death in Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death, I Heard

Death in Emily Dickinson's "Because I Could Not Stop for Death," "I Heard A Fly Buzz-When I Died," and "I Felt A Funeral In My Brain" Emily Dickinson's poems "Because I Could Not Stop for Death", "I Heard A Fly Buzz-When I Died", and "I Felt A Funeral In My Brain" all deal with one of life's few certainties, death. Dickinson's intense curiosity towards mortality was present in much of her work, and is her legacy as a poet. "Because I could Not Stop for Death" is one of Emily Dickinson's most discussed and famous poems due to its ambiguous, and unique view on the popular subject of death. Death in this poem is told as a woman's last trip, which is headed toward eternity. This poem helps to characterize and bring death down to a more personal level. Different from the more popular views of death being brutal and cruel, Dickinson makes death seem passive and easy. The theme of the poem being that death is natural and unstoppable for everybody, but at the same time giving comfort that it is not the end of a soul's journey. The reader can recognize the poem's theme by analysing its voice, imagery, figures of speech, form, diction and especially symbolism; all of which help the reader to understand the poem's meaning. The precise form that Dickinson uses throughout the poem helps convey her message to the reader. The poem is written in five quatrains. The way in which each stanza is written in a quatrain gives the poem unity and makes it easy to read. "Because I Could Not Stop for Death" starts to gives the reader a feeling of forward movement throughout the second and third quatrain. For example, in line 5, Dickinson begins death's journey with a slow, forward movement, which can be seen as she writes, "We... ...ngs are supposed to go when we die. Or we just assume that we will experience a peaceful extinguishment of life. The persona of these poems signifies that, even though we might have plans about the end, death is uncontrollable and unimaginable. Death is the supreme unknown; Mankind naturally fears what is unknown. Emily Dickinson is no different. Her works "Because I Could Not Stop For Death", "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died", and "I Felt A Funeral In My Brain" all explored the subject of death. She was naturally scared of the thought of dying and explored many of the great questions in her poetry. Is there a Heaven or an afterlife? If you kill yourself will you still go to heaven? Is it your fate when you die? These are just some of the questions that people have asked themselves, and because Emily Dickinson is deceased, she now knows all the answers.

Human Memory Organization. :: essays research papers

Human Memory Organization. Human memory organization, from the outside, seems to be quite a difficult thing to analyse, and even more difficult to explain in black and white. This is because of one main reason, no two humans are the same, and from this it follows that no two brains are the same. However, after saying that, it must be true that everyone's memory works in roughly the same way, otherwise we would not be the race called humans. The way the memory is arranged, is probably the most important part of our bodies, as it is our memory that controls us. I think that it is reasonable to suggest that our memory is ordered in some way, and it is probably easy to think of it as three different sections : short term, medium term, and long term memory. Short Term :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is where all of the perceptions we get come to. From the eyes, nose, ears, nerves etc. They come in at such a rate, that there needs to be a part of memory that is fast, and can sift through all of these signals, and then pass them down the line for use, or storage. Short term memory probably has no real capacity for storage. Medium Term :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is where all of the information from the short term memory comes to be processed. It analyses it, and then decides what to do with it (use it, or store it). Here also is where stored information is called to for processing when needed. This kind of memory has some kind of limited storage space, which is used when processing information, however the trade-off is that is slower than Short term memory. Long Term :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Long term memory is the dumping ground for all of the used information. Here is where the Medium term memory puts, and takes it's information to and from. It has a large amount of space, but is relatively slow in comparison with the other kinds of memory, and the way that the memory is stored is dubious as we are all knows to forget things. There is quite a good analogy in Sommerfield (forth edition p24-p25). Short term memory is comparable to computers registers, medium term (Working memory) is like a volatile storage place for information, and long term memory is like hard disk storage. I think that this is quite a good way of describing our own memory hierarchy. It seems that when information is being processed, and then in turn stored, it is not being stored as raw information such as black, round etc.